Social-demographic

Are part of the EMERGE Medication Adherence Guide (Item 4a) [1] Grounded, A. R. G. E. (2018). ESPACOMP Medication Adherence Reporting Guideline (EMERGE). Ann Intern Med, 169, 30-35. A wide variety of factors that interfere with the degree of adherence to pharmacological treatment can be grouped as "sociodemographic factors". With respect to these, there is a certain disparity of arguments about their importance or relevance in the degree of adherence of patients. [1] The race of people has been considered in some cases as an influential factor differentiating whether the patient is an immigrant or not. In addition, it also has some implication in the degree of adherence, the cultural convictions behind each race [2] although they are often masked as social inequalities [3]. Another socio-demographic factor such as war (even when it has officially ended) influences from different angles: to the extent that the patient's economy has suffered, in the lack of medical control, in the existing anarchism... [1] Age is a studied aspect for these cases but is not fully defined as to its influence on adherence is concerned. This is due to interferences with other characteristics of the patient (whether he lives alone or not, whether he depends on his parents or not, whether he resides in a developed country or not,[3] etc.). There are studies that suggest less adherence in adolescents than in younger children [4] and that the rate of adherence of young children depends on the parents or guardians in charge of the child. In this regard, the level of adherence may also be affected as the child grows and changes his or her environment, spends less time at home and in the family, and is more influenced by the rest of society [1]. It seems that applying concrete measures (distributing the responsibility of following the treatment faithfully among close relatives, setting objectives, giving rewards...) in cases in which the patients are young, results in an increase in adherence [5]. In adolescence, a lower level of adherence is recorded, probably as a response of rebellion against treatment control. In addition, young people who take on responsibilities prematurely tend to show even less adherence. In order to remedy this, it is necessary to try to minimize the conflicts between the adolescent patient and the parents, without decreasing the involvement of the parents in following the treatment guidelines. For example, efforts to educate parents about the attitude of their adolescent children to the disease they may be suffering in order to maintain a good relationship in the family would improve adherence [1]. With respect to the elderly, we find the problem that the patient usually suffers from a greater number of illnesses and, therefore, the therapeutic regimen becomes more complicated. In addition, the presence of congenital disabilities increases the risk of reduced adherence to treatment in these people. According to Eney and Goldstein E. 6], the elderly are responsible for half of the prescriptions made in developed countries and more than half of the medical costs, being a minority group in society. [1] De Geest, S., & Sabaté, E. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2(4), 323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-5151(03)00091-4 [2] Morgan, M., & Watkins, C. J. (1988). Managing hypertension: beliefs and responses to medication among cultural groups. Sociology of Health & Illness, 10(4), 561–578. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10837256 [3] Belgrave LL. (1997). Race and compliance with hypertension treatment. Sociological Abstracts no. 45. American Sociological Association. [4] Fotheringham, M. J. and Sawyer, M. G. (1995), Adherence to recommended medical regimens in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 31: 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00750.x [5] Michael A. Rapoff. (2010). Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens.Springer US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0570-3 [6] Eney, R., & Goldstein, E. (1976). Compliance of chronic asthmatics with oral administration of theophylline as measured by serum and salivary levels. Pediatrics, 57(4), 513–7. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/57/4/513.short

http://www.semanticweb.org/parracarlos/ontologies/2019/3/untitled-ontology-31#Social-demographic

Are part of the EMERGE Medication Adherence Guide (Item 4a) [1] Grounded, A. R. G. E. (2018). ESPACOMP Medication Adherence Reporting Guideline (EMERGE). Ann Intern Med, 169, 30-35.

A wide variety of factors that interfere with the degree of adherence to pharmacological treatment can be grouped as "sociodemographic factors". With respect to these, there is a certain disparity of arguments about their importance or relevance in the degree of adherence of patients. [1] The race of people has been considered in some cases as an influential factor differentiating whether the patient is an immigrant or not. In addition, it also has some implication in the degree of adherence, the cultural convictions behind each race [2] although they are often masked as social inequalities [3]. Another socio-demographic factor such as war (even when it has officially ended) influences from different angles: to the extent that the patient's economy has suffered, in the lack of medical control, in the existing anarchism... [1] Age is a studied aspect for these cases but is not fully defined as to its influence on adherence is concerned. This is due to interferences with other characteristics of the patient (whether he lives alone or not, whether he depends on his parents or not, whether he resides in a developed country or not,[3] etc.). There are studies that suggest less adherence in adolescents than in younger children [4] and that the rate of adherence of young children depends on the parents or guardians in charge of the child. In this regard, the level of adherence may also be affected as the child grows and changes his or her environment, spends less time at home and in the family, and is more influenced by the rest of society [1]. It seems that applying concrete measures (distributing the responsibility of following the treatment faithfully among close relatives, setting objectives, giving rewards...) in cases in which the patients are young, results in an increase in adherence [5]. In adolescence, a lower level of adherence is recorded, probably as a response of rebellion against treatment control. In addition, young people who take on responsibilities prematurely tend to show even less adherence. In order to remedy this, it is necessary to try to minimize the conflicts between the adolescent patient and the parents, without decreasing the involvement of the parents in following the treatment guidelines. For example, efforts to educate parents about the attitude of their adolescent children to the disease they may be suffering in order to maintain a good relationship in the family would improve adherence [1]. With respect to the elderly, we find the problem that the patient usually suffers from a greater number of illnesses and, therefore, the therapeutic regimen becomes more complicated. In addition, the presence of congenital disabilities increases the risk of reduced adherence to treatment in these people. According to Eney and Goldstein E. 6], the elderly are responsible for half of the prescriptions made in developed countries and more than half of the medical costs, being a minority group in society. [1] De Geest, S., & Sabaté, E. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2(4), 323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-5151(03)00091-4 [2] Morgan, M., & Watkins, C. J. (1988). Managing hypertension: beliefs and responses to medication among cultural groups. Sociology of Health & Illness, 10(4), 561–578. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10837256 [3] Belgrave LL. (1997). Race and compliance with hypertension treatment. Sociological Abstracts no. 45. American Sociological Association. [4] Fotheringham, M. J. and Sawyer, M. G. (1995), Adherence to recommended medical regimens in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 31: 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00750.x [5] Michael A. Rapoff. (2010). Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens.Springer US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0570-3 [6] Eney, R., & Goldstein, E. (1976). Compliance of chronic asthmatics with oral administration of theophylline as measured by serum and salivary levels. Pediatrics, 57(4), 513–7. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/57/4/513.short

Social-demographic

Social-demographic

http://www.semanticweb.org/parracarlos/ontologies/2019/3/untitled-ontology-31#Influencing_factors