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PS:PathwayType
PS:Description
PS:Tissue
PS:Pathway_Author
PS:Link
PS:CellType
PS:Organ_System
PS:NodeType
PS:Notes
PS:Organ
PS:Source
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uuid-07b37fe9-6a3a-4b26-b64e-ac1be3eda5d4
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urn:agi-pathway:uuid-07b37fe9-6a3a-4b26-b64e-ac1be3eda5d4
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urn:agi-folder:plasma_membrane
urn:agi-folder:m
urn:agi-folder:cytoskeleton_assembly
urn:agi-folder:generic
urn:agi-folder:cytoskeleton
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Notes: Headnote: Microtubules, the principal component of the cytoskeleton, are represented by rigid hollow rods with a diameter of approximately 25nm. Microtubules possess various functions including determining cell shape and participating in a variety of cell movements from organelle locomotion to cellular motility. Signaling description: Microtubules are composed of a single type of globular protein known as tubulin. The alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers polymerize end-to-end in protofilaments. Typically, the microtubule is formed by thirteen associated protofilaments. Microtubules, such as actin filaments, are polar structures with two distinct ends including a fast-growing plus end and a slow-growing minus end. The protofilaments bundle parallel to one another, so in a microtubule, there is one end, the ( ) end, with only beta subunits exposed while the other end, the (-) end, only has alpha subunits exposed. The elongation of the microtubule occurs from the ( ) end since the (-) end is capped. During polymerization, both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the tubulin dimer are bound to a molecule of GTP. While the GTP bound to alpha-tubulin is stable, the GTP bound to beta-tubulin may be hydrolyzed to GDP shortly after assembly. In animal cells, the major microtubule-organizing center is the centrosome which is located adjacent to the nucleus near the center of interphase (non-dividing) cells. The centrosome serves as the initiation site for the assembly of microtubules, which grow outward from the centrosome toward the periphery of the cell. The key protein in the centrosome that nucleates the assembly of microtubules is the gamma tubulin ring complex. Kinesins and dyneins are members of two large families of motor proteins that are responsible for powering the variety of movements in which microtubules participate. Kinesins move microtubules in toward the plus end and dyneins toward the minus end. As for actin filaments, movement along microtubules is based on the action of motor proteins that utilize energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to produce force and movement. The dynein family of related proteins cooperates with another protein complex, dynactin, to move towards the minus end of microtubules. Most kinesin family members move towards the plus end of microtubules and only KIF14 moves towards the minus end to serve a vital function during mitosis and chromosome separation. Outcome effects: Different types of proteins bind to microtubules such as MAPT, MAP2, and MAP4 which act as stabilizers and spacers between microtubules. In addition, MAPT binds to the microtubule surface through electrostatic interactions to increase the stability of the microtubule and favor microtubule elongation.
PathwayType: signaling
Organ: generic
Pathway_Author: A. Nesterova ORCID:0000-0002-9448-8101
Organ_System: generic
Tissue: generic
Link: https://mammal-profservices.pathwaystudio.com/app/sd?urn=urn:agi-pathway:uuid-07b37fe9-6a3a-4b26-b64e-ac1be3eda5d4
NodeType: Pathway
Source: Cell Process
CellType: generic
Description: Microtubules, the principal component of the cytoskeleton, are represented by rigid hollow rods with a diameter of approximately 25nm. Pathway is built manually using published studies.
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urn:agi-folder:cytoskeleton
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